Original Languages | Manuscript Witness

Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek notes supporting careful reading of Scripture, with language observations tied to manuscript evidence rather than speculation.

Studies for this section are listed below as they are published. Claims are documented and uncertainty is identified where the evidence is incomplete or disputed.

Studies in this section

What Does the 11Q Psalms Scroll Show About Hebrew Psalm Collections Before the Masoretic Psalter?

The Qumran Cave 11 Psalms scroll (11QPsa / 11Q5) is a well-preserved Hebrew witness whose collection of psalms and related compositions, and whose serial order, differ from the later standard Masoretic Psalter. Catalog and edition evidence establish what survives and how it is counted; collection-level variation must be kept distinct from line-level wording of psalms also found in the Masoretic tradition.

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What Does the Great Isaiah Scroll Show About the Old Testament Text?

The Great Isaiah Scroll is a first-century BCE Hebrew witness to the complete book of Isaiah and provides direct evidence for the transmission of the Old Testament before the New Testament period.

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