Evidence from Hebrew and related manuscript traditions that preserve the Old Testament text, including major witnesses, textual history, and documented readings.
Evidence from Hebrew and related manuscript traditions that preserve the Old Testament text, including major witnesses, textual history, and documented readings.
Studies for this section are listed below as they are published. Claims are documented and uncertainty is identified where the evidence is incomplete or disputed.
The Qumran Cave 11 Psalms scroll (11QPsa / 11Q5) is a well-preserved Hebrew witness whose collection of psalms and related compositions, and whose serial order, differ from the later standard Masoretic Psalter. Catalog and edition evidence establish what survives and how it is counted; collection-level variation must be kept distinct from line-level wording of psalms also found in the Masoretic tradition.
The Great Isaiah Scroll is a first-century BCE Hebrew witness to the complete book of Isaiah and provides direct evidence for the transmission of the Old Testament before the New Testament period.